Handwritten Nutrition Notes | Protein, Lipids & Fatty Acids Explained for Nursing Students

 🥗 NUTRITION – EASY NOTES

🧬 Protein & Lipids

🥚 PROTEIN

✅ Definition

Protein is a macronutrient made up of amino acids.

1 gm protein = 4 kcal

✅ Functions of Protein

Body building & repair

Enzyme formation (Pepsin)

Hormones (Insulin)

Maintain osmotic pressure

Immunity (antibodies)

✅ Amino Acids (Total 20)

1️⃣ Essential (9)

(Must come from food)

Isoleucine

Leucine

Lysine

Methionine

Phenylalanine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Valine

Histidine

2️⃣ Semi-essential

Arginine

3️⃣ Non-essential (10)

Body can produce them.

💡 Glycine does NOT show optical isomerism.

✅ Nutritional Classification of Protein

1️⃣ Complete Protein

(All essential amino acids present)

Examples: Egg, Milk, Meat

2️⃣ Partial Incomplete

Low in one amino acid

Example:

Wheat → Low lysine

Rice → Low threonine

Pulses → Low methionine

3️⃣ Incomplete Protein

1–2 amino acids absent

✅ RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance)

Adult Male → 1 gm/kg body weight

Female → 45 gm/day

Pregnancy → 55 gm/day

Lactation → 65 gm/day

Newborn → 2–2.5 gm/kg

6–12 months → 1–1.5 gm/kg

❗ Protein Deficiency

PEM

Kwashiorkor

Marasmus

🧈 LIPIDS

✅ Definition

Lipids are water insoluble but soluble in ether, alcohol, CCl₄.

1 gm fat = 9 kcal

✅ Types of Lipids

1️⃣ Simple Lipid

Fatty acid + Glycerol

Example: Triglyceride

2️⃣ Complex Lipid

Fatty acid + Alcohol + Additional group

Example: Phospholipids (Lecithin)

3️⃣ Derived Lipid

Fatty acids, Steroids, Fat-soluble vitamins

🧪 FATTY ACIDS

🔹 Saturated Fatty Acid

Single bond between carbons

Example: Palmitic acid

Sources: Butter, Ghee

⚠ Excess harmful for heart

🔹 Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Double bond present

🟢 MUFA (One double bond)

Example: Oleic acid

Source: Groundnut oil

Omega 9

🔵 PUFA (Two or more double bonds)

Linoleic acid → Omega 6

Arachidonic acid → Omega 6

Alpha-linolenic acid → Omega 3

Sources: Sunflower oil, Safflower oil

📝 Quick Exam Points

✔ Protein gives 4 kcal

✔ Fat gives 9 kcal

✔ Essential amino acids = 9

✔ MUFA = 1 double bond

✔ PUFA = 2 or more double bonds

✔ Kwashiorkor = Protein deficiency

✔ Marasmus = Severe calorie deficiency